Diagnosis and treatment of lesions
An abnormal X-ray finding, lump, ulcer or persistent oral lesion should be characterised before observation, biopsy or treatment is selected.
Many possible causes
Dental cysts are common, but lesions may also be inflammatory, infectious, benign, precancerous or malignant. Clinical or radiological appearance alone does not always give a definite diagnosis.
Diagnostic assessment
Assessment includes examination of the mouth and neck, review of radiographs and sometimes CT or MRI. Biopsy or removal provides tissue for pathological analysis, essential for many lesions.
Treatment and follow-up
Options include documented observation, treatment of the causative tooth, enucleation, decompression, excision or referral to a specialist multidisciplinary team. Results and follow-up should be explained.
A persistent lesion needs assessment
An ulcer, red or white patch, hard area, unusual bleeding or persistent discomfort lasting around ten days should be examined, particularly with tobacco or heavy alcohol exposure.
Related information
Medical sources
- French National Cancer Institute — early detection of oral cancer
- French Society of Stomatology, Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Surgery (SFSCMFCO) — patient information
Last editorial review: August 2026. This page provides general information and does not replace an examination, diagnosis or personalised treatment plan.